Social subject: the problem of typology and development

On the boundary of the third millennium from the Christmas, the determination of character, functions, specificity of development of a sociohistorical subject remains the major problem of humanitarian scientifictheoretical analysis. This key question is methodologically central in any research of social reality.
The   classics of sociological thought paid attention to various aspects of studying a subject. A founder of the French sociological school E. Durkheim proposed to consider a society as an outside- and superindividual reality which has imperative force as for individuals and does not depend on them. M. Weber interpreted subjectivity through the notion of “ideal type” and “rationalization”.
In the post-modern situation, when the role of a subject in the sociohistorical process becomes stronger, the individual attitude to society becomes the important factor of structurization of the socium.
The German philosopher E. Husserl, a founder of phenomenology, stated that “I” exists before all the thinkable, and this appears to be a primary intentional base of the world for a subject who says such a judging.
During 1990s, the discourse gradually developed around a new subject’s role for times of the so-called globalization. This is a socio-historical phenomenon, which is associated first of all with the development of contemporary informational technologies, declared loudly about itself under
conditions of the termination of the ideological, political, and military opposition of the worlds of capitalism and socialism.

The American researcher of the Japanese origin F. Fukuyama introduced the term of “the end of history” as the global expansion of liberal values and the formation of one civilization embracing the whole humanity on this base.
The stop of the ideological opposition brings allegedly the world to exhausting the resources of the conflict-related historical development. On the other hand, a famous concept of the American analyst S. Huntington emphasizes the perspective of a true “collision of civilizations”, first of all, due to religious contradictions. Under these conditions, the socio-cultural boundaries of world civilizations become dangerous, in particular Balkans, Near East, South Asia. One of the fundamental reasons for different interpretations of tendencies of the future development is the inadequate understanding of the role of a new global subject of the world-wide historical process.

Globalization determines the appearance of new organizational forms of large social spaces and new valuable reference-points. It is inexpedient to reduce the problem of globalization only to the contemporary tendencies of development of the world economic system, first of all in the sphere of finances and the so-called Internet-economy.